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Articles in Category: Archives Rezopole

Press release

on Thursday, 12 November 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Press release

FRANCE-IX MERGES WITH REZOPOLE AND REAFFIRMS ITS POSITION OF LEADING MULTI-SERVICE  INTERCONNECTION PLATFORM IN FRANCE

 

This merger will allow both entities to leverage their mutual areas of expertise in order to bring always

more value-added services to their members.

 

Paris, 14 January 2021 – France-IX, one of the leading IXPs (Internet Exchange Points) in Europe, announced it has completed a merger with Rezopole, the biggest regional Internet Exchange Point in France. This combination is part of France-IX's growth strategy of expanding to national and French speaking territories and strengthening its services portfolio. It will also allow Rezopole to expand further by building on France-IX’s financial, human and technical resources. The combined entity, which will operate under the France-IX name, intends to consolidate its position of leading multi-service interconnection platform in France with a strong positioning on the national territory to deal with international competition.

 

France-IX is the premier provider of Internet traffic exchange services – also called Peering – in France, offering public and private interconnection services through its carrier and data centre neutral exchange points in Paris and Marseille. Within a few years, France-IX managed to federate the key national and international Internet players on its platform and today counts over 400 members. On the other hand, Rezopole has more than 100 members connected in Lyon and the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, and offers a wide range of services beyond peering services.

 

“France-IX and Rezopole are non for profit associations based on member subscription, initially created  to build communities and services around interconnection with the very different players of the Internet  ecosystem” says Christian Kaufmann, President of the France IX board. “This merger is based on a  common DNA and will benefit both parties and all their members. 95% of the France-IX members and 94% of the Rezopole members have indeed massively approved it when they voted at our last General Meeting. This is a new step taken today reflecting our will to continuously develop the Internet community  in France”.

 

Toward an expansion on the national and French-speaking territory

 

France-IX has a deep knowledge of the French Internet industry and intends to share this expertise with  the entire global ecosystem. After having federated a great number of international players, the group indeed wants to focus on the French market and consolidate its French-speaking contents which are key  to its local and international members. The strategic location of Rezopole in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region (Lyon, Grenoble and Annecy) is a first step towards achieving this goal.

 

For its part, Rezopole will be able to rely on France-IX’s expertise and infrastructure, its sales force and its solid financial position, and access the biggest national and international Internet players.

 

In the long term, the new entity will aim to pursue its expansion in strategic cities where the infrastructure already exists, as well as consolidate its presence in the overseas territories and French-speaking countries.

 

A multi-service platform dedicated to its members

 

In order to strenghten its role of leading multi-service interconnection platform in France, the merger will allow France-IX to expand its range of services by leveraging on Rezopole’s portfolio and expertise, which includes hosting, NAP, training, consulting and managed services as well as industry promotion. The  combined entity will intend to bring quality integrated and complementary services to all members, especially toward corporate enterprises and international customers. It will thus be able to best meet the needs of organisations seeking to optimise their costs and Internet connection as part of their digital transformation.

 

Franck Simon, President of France IX Services, says: “Considering our expansion objectives both in terms  of services and geographic coverage, it was today essential for France-IX to take a further step forward.  The merger with Rezopole is perfectly aligned with our growth strategy, which aims to enhance our services offering dedicated to enterprises and expand our territorial footprint while focusing on our real  strength, the French-speaking contents.”

 

Philippe Duby, President of Rezopole, concludes: “We are convinced that this merger is synonymous with  sustainability. It is a logical continuation for Rezopole who will leverage France-IX’s technical expertise to  keep offering its local services to all the members of the new entity, while pursuing its development on the French market.” Philippe Duby stands as a candidate to join the new Board Committee of France-IX whose members will be all elected next January, 29th.

 

***

To consult the various legal documents, click here.

 

 

 

 

Jaguar Network launches the construction of a 3ᵉ DC in Lyon

on Friday, 06 November 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Jaguar Network launches the construction of a 3ᵉ DC in Lyon

After acquiring DCforData and its datacenter in Limonest in 2018, Jaguar Network inaugurated its second datacenter called "Rock" a year later in the 8ᵉ district of Lyon. The operator and host, a B2B subsidiary of the Iliad Group, is today launching the construction of a third site.

 

This new facility will meet the exponential demand for data hosting in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, and thus preserve this sovereignty in the immediate vicinity. The aim is to immediately offer new, complementary services for pioneering sectors such as Industry 4.0 and e-Health.

 

The hosting architectures now spread over three active sites will make it possible to address requests from all over the Lyon metropolitan area and its region, while guaranteeing the diversification and security of the power supply.

Interconnected with leading international operators as well as national and regional operators, this new very high-speed communication node will support new uses and the city's transformation by optimizing connectivity.

Specializing in smartcity and the challenges of AI and big data, this new datacenter will be designed to create new partnerships with the ecosystem and open up new opportunities for a rapidly changing employment pool.

 

An announcement confirming the Iliad Group's investment in fiber optics as it aims to connect 100% of the companies in the AuRA region by 2024.

For Jaguar Network, this is the affirmation of its installation in France's second-largest economic region in connection with its historical market of SMEs, ETIs and large accounts. This prefigures the forthcoming arrival of the Iliad Group in the corporate market.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : Datacenter Magazine

 

 

 

 

5G: operators know their positioning

on Friday, 06 November 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

5G: operators know their positioning

The Arcep, by putting an end to the call for tenders for 5G frequencies, has just delivered the positioning of operators on the 3.5 GHz band.

Only Free will have spent 3 million euros to secure a central position in the 5G "queen band". Iliad's French subsidiary will have access to 70 MHz of frequencies on a block ranging from 3.64 GHz to 3.71 GHz.

In detail, SFR will have 80 MHz of frequencies on a block ranging from 3.49 GHz to 3.57 GHz, while the 70 MHz of frequencies held by Bouygues Telecom will be located between 3.57 GHz and 3.64 GHz. Finally, Orange, which holds the largest block of frequencies, with 90 MHz of 5G frequencies, will have a block ranging from 3.71 GHz to 3.80 GHz.

 

During this second phase of the auction, the operators have disbursed a total of 2.78 billion euros. Bouygues Telecom paid 602 million euros to acquire 70 MHz of frequencies in the 3.5 GHz band, as did Free, which added 3 million euros to this sum to benefit from the positioning of its choice. For its part, SFR invested 728 million euros to get its hands on 80 MHz of frequencies, while Orange spent 854 million euros to get its hands on 90 MHz of frequencies in the 3.5 GHz band.

 

350 million spent by each operator to purchase fixed 50 MHz blocks will be reimbursed "in 15 equal parts over 15 years, the first part upon the award of the frequency license and the other 14 parts on the anniversary date of the award".

The amounts paid by the operators during the auction and positioning phase will be repayable "in four equal parts payable over four years, the first as soon as the authorization to use the frequencies is granted and the other three on the anniversary date of the grant".

"In addition to these sums, a variable annual portion equal to 1% of the revenues generated by the operation of these frequencies will be added to these amounts," said the telecom police officer.

The frequencies will be officially delivered by the Arcep as of November 18th. But operators will still have to wait for the ANFR's approval before they can market their first 5G offers to the general public and professionals, which should take about 10 additional days.

 

Concerning the marketing of 5G packages, the operators have not yet made their strategies known. In any case, they will have to wait for the approval of the municipalities to officially launch the 5G era among users. If patience is therefore required, operators are already beginning the major maneuvers to lower the cost of their 5G infrastructure.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : ZDNet

 

 

 

 

Online appointment for the Rezopole User Group #23

on Friday, 06 November 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Online appointment for the Rezopole User Group #23

Rezopole's technical team is looking forward to seeing you on Friday 27th November for a virtual Rezopole User Group.

 

On the program :

  • best practices for IP filtering at the edge routers of a network
  • the implementation and handling of RTBH in the context of an IXP
  • a feedback on the use of a BGP optimization tool based on performance metrics

 

 

Useful information

  • Schedule from 9:30 am to 12:00 pm
  • Confirm your participation before November 27th
  • The videoconference link will be sent a few days before the event



 

 Register 

 





 

The IXPloration #27 by videoconference

on Thursday, 05 November 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

The IXPloration #27 by videoconference

Rezopole will meet you on November 24th for a morning dedicated to the improvement of BtoB Internet exchanges thanks to LyonIX and GrenobliX infrastructures.

Details will be detailed during this videoconference:
- the IXP part, which improves Internet exchanges between users in a territory, reduces telecom costs, and secures and optimizes the network thanks to the multiple routes offered.
- the NAP part, which provides connected members with direct access to the operators present and their offers. We buy or sell any type of Telecom service with great flexibility.

 

On the agenda

  • General presentation of Rezopole
  • What is an IXP/NAP?
    • How does it work?
    • Economic & technical advantages
  • LyonIX & GrenoblIX infrastructures
    • Rezopole members
    • Offers & services
    • Connection solutions
  • Rezopole Events & Tools
  • Questions & Answers

 

Useful information

  • Schedule from 9:30 to 11:00 a.m.
  • Link of the videoconference sent by email a few days before the event

 

 

 

 Register

 

 

 

 

Extension of the roaming agreement between Free and Orange

on Friday, 30 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Extension of the roaming agreement between Free and Orange

On October 23rd, the Arcep validated an amendment to the roaming contract that already bound the two operators. Free will thus be able to use Orange's 2G and 3G networks for its own commercial offers until December 31, 2022 instead of December 31, 2020. This is despite criticism from SFR, Bouygues Telecom or other alternative operators grouped within the Alternative Telecom association.

 

To justify its delay in deploying its own 2G and 3G infrastructures, the operator founded by Xavier Niel denounced the mutualization of networks signed in 2014 by Bouygues Telecom and SFR, the reinforced 4G deployment obligations imposed by the New Mobile Deal, and the lack of frequencies.

This argument hit the nail on the head with the Arcep, which nevertheless maintained the cap on the maximum upload and download speeds achievable by roaming customers at 384 kbits.

 

Even if the Arcep assures that it will "remain attentive to the continued investment by Free Mobile in the deployment of its own networks", this is not enough to calm the criticism of those opposed to this extension.

Starting with the management of SFR, for whom "ten years after obtaining its 3G license, this roaming agreement granted to Free Mobile is only the admission of a crying lack of investment by Free Mobile during all these years".

For its part, Bouygues Telecom points out that "roaming was designed from the outset as a transitional measure, with the sole aim of enabling the new entrant to compensate for its late entry into the market". However, "Free can no longer be described as a new entrant in the mobile telephony market" and "now has a network that is broadly comparable to that of its competitors, and therefore quite sufficient to enable it to compete vigorously" in the mobile market."

Alternative operators point out that the license granted to Free Mobile by the authorities was awarded "in exchange for ambitious commitments to stimulate competition".

 

These criticisms did not prevent the extension of the roaming agreement between Free and Orange. Even if Free's management is now tending to catch up in terms of deployment, it is not certain that this will be enough to calm the slings and arrows of its competitors. Especially since the recent statements of Orange's CEO concerning a possible mutualization of the two operators' 5G networks should not help to pacify the debate.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : ZDNet

 

 

 

No Huawei 5G network cores in Italy

on Friday, 30 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

No Huawei 5G network cores in Italy

The Italian government has just vetoed, for the first time, the signature of an agreement between the operator Fastweb and Huawei for the supply of 5G network cores. This decision suggests that Italy may reconsider its position regarding the presence of Huawei equipment on its 5G network.

Huawei had been selected by Fastweb, the Italian division of Swisscom, as the sole supplier of the core network. A fact that undoubtedly led the government to veto the project.

 

While other countries such as the United Kingdom and France have already taken decisions to eventually ban Huawei's access to 5G networks, Italy had not yet taken a decision to do so. However, some people close to the government or actors in the industrial world claim that Rome is in fact taking a pro-American line on 5G. Companies using Huawei equipment for their 5G network are subject to restrictions on remote interventions to solve technical problems and an extremely high security threshold.

 

In order to be able to withdraw if Rome imposes too costly conditions in exchange for its green light, Italian telecom companies have included exit clauses in their contracts with Huawei on 5G. Telecom Italia (TIM) even went so far as to exclude Huawei from a tender for its 5G core network. The Italian government could therefore review its position regarding Huawei's role in 5G and in particular for the core network part.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : L'Usine Digitale

 

 

 

Maintaining Rezopole activity

on Friday, 30 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Maintaining Rezopole activity

Following the Government's announcements (COVID-19), the Rezopole office (16, rue de la Thibaudière 69007 Lyon) is closed until further notice.

As part of the continuity plan and in order to keep the various IXP / NAPs (LyonIX, GrenoblIX, AnnecIX & APIX) operational, the teams remain mobilized for teleworking and can be reached through the usual channels (email, telephone, videoconferencing).

 

We will keep you informed as to how to access and operate the various sites.

For Rezopole members with an urgent technical question, please contact: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or call +33 4 27 46 00 55.

 

Remaining at your disposal.

 

The Rezopole team

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

+33 4 27 46 00 50

 

 

 

 

5G: Huawei and ZTE banned from the Swedish network

on Thursday, 22 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

5G: Huawei and ZTE banned from the Swedish network

After the United Kingdom in July, it was Sweden's turn to explicitly ban the Chinese groups Huawei and ZTE from its new future 5G telecoms network, invoking national security.

The decision was taken following a review by the Swedish Telecom Regulatory Authority (PTS), together with the army and intelligence, aimed at "ensuring that the use of frequencies does not endanger Sweden's security".

 

Huawei and ZTE will therefore be banned from all "central functions", i.e. more or less the entire network according to the inventory drawn up by the PTS. By 1 January 2025, all equipment already installed that could be used for 5G will have to be removed. This deadline is even shorter than the one set by London, which gave a deadline of 2027.

 

Leading the campaign against Huawei is the United States. Since the spectacular banning of the Chinese group by President Donald Trump in May 2019, Washington has been openly encouraging its European partners to do the same. The American intelligence services fear above all that Huawei will allow the Chinese authorities to use its equipment to monitor communications and data traffic. Huawei assures that it would refuse any such request from Chinese intelligence.

 

While Japan and Australia have followed the American movement, European positions remain widely divergent and the recommendations made by Brussels are non-binding. Without having expressed it publicly, France has in fact banned the use of Huawei equipment for 5G in "very dense zones". The periods of use of the equipment will also be limited to eight years.

 

Slovenia and Romania have also taken measures to facilitate the exclusion of Huawei from tenders. Spain, Poland and Greece, on the other hand, are planning to allow operators to use Huawei's equipment.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : FRENCHWEB.FR

 

 

 

 

Google reveals largest DDoS attack in history

on Thursday, 22 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Google reveals largest DDoS attack in history

On October 16th , the Google Cloud team revealed a DDoS attack that targeted the Google service in September 2017. Having reached 2.54 Tbps, this is the largest DDoS attack recorded to date.

Researchers at Google's Threat Analysis Group (TAG) claim that this attack came from China, as it originated from the network of four Chinese Internet Service Providers (ASN 4134, 4837, 58453 and 9394).

 

Google Cloud reliability and security engineer Damian Menscher says the spike was the "culmination of a six-month campaign" that used multiple attack methods to hammer Google's server infrastructure. "The attacker used multiple networks to spoof 167 Mp/s (millions of packets per second) from 180,000 exposed CLDAP, DNS and SMTP servers, which then sent us significant responses".

 

Google revealed the incident last week for various reasons. Firstly, to raise awareness of the growing trend of state-sponsored groups of cyber attackers. But also to warn that DDoS attacks will intensify in the coming years as the bandwidth available to the Internet increases.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : ZDNet

 

 

 

 

Master the BGP protocol!

on Tuesday, 20 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Master the BGP protocol!

Rezopole offers you, on November 17th & 18th, an interactive workshop to transfer the basics of the BGP protocol and guide you towards IP autonomy.

 

This training, provided by professionals for professionals, covers the operation and configuration of BGP on Bird, Cisco, FFR. This protocol is necessary to interconnect on an IXP and take full advantage of "multiple transit" offers.

 

During these two days of videoconferencing, you will progressively and comprehensively address the different aspects of BGP (peering and the use of Route Server). You set up your first session and discover the techniques for announcing and filtering networks, both in IPv4 and IPv6.

 

Price: 1000 € (Ex-VAT) per attendee during 2 days!

This training may be covered by your OPCO (Rezopole activity number: 84691581469).

 

Do you want to participate? Just send us an email.

The registration closing date is on November 13th, 2020.

 

Program

  • IP / AS Routing reminder
  • BGP protocol in details
  • Difference IGP / EGP
  • Worklab introduction (frr)
  • First BGP sessions, Full-Table
  • Multiple peering-sessions
  • Filtering: Prefix-list and Route-map
  • Annonces, filtering and network loop debugging
  • Diagnostic tools
  • Filtering: AS-PATH and Route-map
  • The BGP communities
  • Example of use for LyonIX
  • Traffic shaping: AS-PATH prepend and disaggregation
  • Fine BGP tuning: Fast convergence and Sub-optimal
  • PATHs detection / Packet loss
  • Public-DB declarations : RIPE / RPSL / RPKI / Peering DB Registration contact
  • Routers configuration best current practices
  • Differences between V4 and V6!

 

 

 

 

  Download the BGP training info 

 

 

 

 

Plan of attack for the revival of Kosc

on Friday, 16 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Plan of attack for the revival of Kosc

The wholesale operator, which took control of Kosc in the summer of 2020, is now preparing to relaunch it. And Kosc's rebound is bound to be closely scrutinised by the various players in the sector.

 

David El Fassy, the CEO of Altitude Infrastructure - now renamed Altitude Infra, explains, "For us, the acquisition of Kosc is an unprecedented opportunity to expand our client base in areas other than those where we have traditionally operated, particularly in AMII or urban areas. [...] After beating Kosc's order record in September, we now wish to enrich its catalogue of addressable FttE and FttO products, on which Kosc has not had a strong presence until now". Other objectives include the development of Kosc's coverage in SFR's AMII zones, with the eventual ambition to push for full unbundling of the wholesale operator.

 

Altitude Infra wants to make Kosc's API the most complete aggregator of telecommunications infrastructures, both for its major accounts (such as OVH) and also for VSEs. Indeed, the latter constitute the most important economic development basin of the corporate telecoms market.

To achieve this, the wholesale operator is planning a massive investment of 100 million euros over five years in Kosc. Xavier Grossetete, who has been working for Jaguar Network since 2017, has been appointed sales director and will be responsible for boosting the recruitment of new customers.

 

"With Kosc, we are becoming the operators' one-stop shop, with coverage throughout the country," says David El Fassy, confirming his intention "to invest and have a long-term influence on the fibre optics market, but also to develop new offers and services for companies". The plan proposed by Altitude Infra should enable Kosc to return to a positive Ebitda, as well as a turnover of between 80 and 100 million euros in 2022.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : ZDNet

 

 

 

 

SFR condemned: no more doubt between cable and fibre

on Friday, 16 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

SFR condemned: no more doubt between cable and fibre

On October 8th, the Paris Court of Appeal ordered SFR to send a letter to certain subscribers informing them that they can unilaterally terminate their fixed Internet access contract. Capital tells us that if the operator resists, it will have to pay 500,000 euros for each day of delay.

 

This legal procedure was initiated in January 2018 by its competitor Free. Indeed, although a decree has regulated the use of the word fibre since 2016, SFR has continued to maintain a certain vagueness in its commercial offers.

It is also accused of using the term FttB (Fiber to the Building) since, in some cases, its fiber does not go all the way down to the bottom of the building but only into a street cabinet.

 

Today SFR claims to have 3.1 million end-to-end fibre optic customers (FttH) and 13.8 million lines eligible for Very High Speed broadband.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : 01net

 

 

 

 

Digital Sobriety: a priority for the government

on Friday, 09 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

Digital Sobriety: a priority for the government

The impact of digital technology on the environment would account for 1% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - 2% in France. In order to curb this trend, the Secretary of State for the Digital Economy, Cédric O, and the Minister for Ecological Transition, Barbara Pompili, launched a roadmap on 8 October to tackle this issue.

 

The first axis consists of "objectifying the digital footprint", that is to say, making something intangible visible and therefore quantifying it exactly and improving the quantification methodology. Ademe (Agency for Ecological Transition) and Arcep will report their conclusions on how to inform consumers about the impact of their digital uses at the end of 2021.

 

The second priority is to extend the life of devices by encouraging their repair and re-use and by combating programmed obsolescence. Thus, all operators will be required to massify and systematise collection in their shops and to conduct awareness campaigns.

In addition, the recovery plan plans to devote 21 million euros to support the reuse and repair sector in France. The government will also conduct negotiations at the European level to reduce VAT on repackaged products.

 

However, there is no question of forcibly restricting French customs. The watchword is to incite the population to change its practices by showing pedagogy.

One of the novelties of the 2021 finance bill will be to oblige data centres to implement ambitious measures concerning their energy efficiency and heat recovery if they want to benefit from a reduced rate on their consumption.

 

The principle of eco-design must also be generalised. To this end, Ademe will be launching two calls for projects with companies. The companies will thus receive a bonus or a penalty depending on whether or not they take eco-design into account. They will also be encouraged to sign the Responsible Digital Charter which includes a set of good practices for a more responsible digital world.

The Planet Tech Care initiative has also been launched to put digital companies and training courses in touch with experts to help them reduce their environmental footprint free of charge.

 

Finally, the government wants to believe that digital and innovation can become tools for the environment. It plans to strengthen the GreenTech Innovation scheme, which will be endowed with a €300 million fund managed by the public investment bank Bpifrance to promote and finance green start-ups.

 

Certain avenues will now be debated and new measures are expected by the end of the year.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : 01net

 

 

 

 

No undifferentiated collection of login data

on Friday, 09 October 2020 Posted in Archives Rezopole

No undifferentiated collection of login data

The connection data makes it possible to identify anyone who has contributed to the creation of content, such as their IP address, geolocation, telephone records or the numbers of their frequently called contacts. This personal information is very useful during an investigation and can be used to identify the perpetrator of an offence or to gather evidence.

 

However, the Court of Justice of the European Union has just ruled that Member States are not entitled to impose on operators a general and indiscriminate obligation to transmit and store the connection data of Internet users.

 

The law of 24 July 2015 offers French intelligence services the possibility of having the connection data of a person identified as a threat transmitted to them in real time. This is an obligation that weighs on operators and worries many associations about the powers conferred on the intelligence services. This is why the Quadrature du Net referred the matter to the Council of State, which considered that French legislation was in breach of European law.

 

The Court of Justice of the European Union was asked by the court responsible for investigative powers in the United Kingdom, the Council of State and the Belgian Constitutional Court to examine the validity of the data retention regime in the light of European law.

And this new decision only confirms the principles already laid down in April 2014 in its Tele2 Sverige AB ruling. "The Directive of 12 July 2002 [...] precludes national legislation which, for the purposes of combating crime, provides for the general and indiscriminate retention of all traffic and location data of all subscribers and registered users relating to all means of electronic communication," the Court of Justice ruled.

These obligations of generalised and undifferentiated transmission and storage constitute "particularly serious interference with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Charter" such as the right to respect for private life.

 

In short, the judicial and intelligence authorities can no longer request the transmission of connection data to electronic communications service providers, with a few exceptions. Indeed, in the case of a "serious threat to national security" or "terrorist activities", States may require operators to retain connection data.

Nevertheless, two conditions are laid down: "The decision providing for this injunction, for a period temporarily limited to what is strictly necessary, must be subject to effective control, either by a court or by an independent administrative entity," the court ruled. The body in charge of the control will have to verify "the existence of one of these situations as well as the respect of the conditions and guarantees provided".

 

A decision with very important consequences for the judicial and intelligence services, in particular on ongoing proceedings that could be stopped dead in their tracks or their acts declared null and void.

 

 

 Read the article

 

Source : L'Usine Digitale

 

 

 

 

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